中国金朝货币的演变与发展文献综述

金朝时期通行货币的先后顺序是铜钱、纸钞和白银,期间钱钞、银钞有共同使用之时,后期随着纸币、白银的流通地位不断提高,而取代了铜钱。金朝货币体系经历了初创、稳定、通货膨胀等几个阶段,最后随着金朝的灭亡而结束。     

Choosing between precautions for nanoparticles in the workplace: complementing the precautionary principle with caring

Workers who develop and use nanoparticles are on the front line of exposure to the purported risks of nanoparticles. Employers have a legal duty to protect their employees against any work-related harm. However, it is difficult to perform the required risk assessment and management when dealing with uncertainty. Risk ethicists have therefore argued for using the precautionary principle to guide such decisions on uncertain risks. In this paper, I argue that if we want to make use of innovative products, such as nanomaterials, but lack the knowledge and shared standards for choosing between protective measures, the precautionary principle is underdetermined. For the use of nanoparticles in working environments, there are several guidelines that suggest different precautionary strategies for dealing with their purported risks, but choosing between these guidelines proves difficult in the absence of a clear, scientific, decision principle. I therefore explore the ethics of care to develop a complementary decision criterion for the precautionary principle. From this perspective, the caring qualities of working relationships are key in comparing precautions with each other. I propose three conditions for assessing risk management strategies based on (1) the existence of a mutual concern for employee health and safety, (2) the connectedness and continuity of the relationships between employer and employee, and (3) the responsiveness of employers to employee needs. Using these criteria will support choosing between precautions, by shifting attention from the acceptability of imposing a risk to creating a social context in which the imposition of the residual risks can be considered acceptable.     

Capitalist miners in feudal Europe: A commentary on Marxist agrarian history

Marxist agrarian history conceives of medieval mining as a pre‐capitalist and backward economy isolated from all forms of capitalist change. Mining history says otherwise. Evidence confirms that mining labour enjoyed the conditions for an early emancipation from serfdom, rooted in the ascent of a European silver‐based monetary economy from the eleventh century onwards. Feudal lords were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, vulnerable to the rise of free miners and a mining economy that demanded capital outlays. Drawing upon the case study of mining in the feudal principality of Trent, the article briefly sketches the rise of capitalist miners and the conditions that gave them decisive advantages over feudal lords. The article summarizes general arguments and lines of inquiry for opening the field of Marxist agrarian history to the study of mining and extractive economies.     

基于资本循环理论的区域优势转化与生态财富形成研究——兼论绿水青山就是金山银山的理论逻辑与实现路径

马克思资本循环理论是区域优势转化的理论基础,是理解区域优势转化的政治经济学"钥匙"。资本循环与区域优势转化是有机统一的,两者都具有形态变化的阶段性与连续性,符合空间并存与时间继起的统一、流通过程与生产过程的统一、要素市场与产品市场的统一。从货币资本循环与区域优势转化的连续阶段性和过程统一性来看,生态资源向生态资本再向生态财富的转化契合了资本循环理论与区域优势转化的一般原理。绿水青山和金山银山分别是自然存在的财富形态和条件优势转化成经济优势的生态财富存在形态,绿水青山变成金山银山必须触发区域优势转化的前提条件与外在条件。贵州等地绿水青山就是金山银山的区域实践印证了资本循环理论对区域优势转化的理论张力。践行"两山论",我们应加强生态本底保护,畅通生态财富的形成路径,推进生态资源优势向经济发展优势的转化。     

Irving Fisher and Price‐Level Targeting in Austria: Was Silver the Answer?

The question of price level versus inflation targeting remains controversial. Disagreement concerns not so much the desirability of price stability but rather the means of achieving it. Irving Fisher argued for a commodity dollar standard where the purchasing power of money was fixed by indexing it to a basket of commodities. We show that movements in the price of silver closely track the movements in overall prices during the classical gold standard era. The one‐to‐one relationship between paper and silver bonds suggests that a simple “silver rule” could have sufficed to fix the purchasing power of money.     

Innovating for elderly people: the development of geront’innovations in the French silver economy

The objective of this paper is to study the supply side of the silver market, which is usually neglected by research on this topic. Adopting a systemic approach to innovation, our main goals are to identify the nature of the innovations developed, the way innovations are created, and the issues related to their emergence and diffusion. Our research is based on an empirical study of the French silver economy, which consists in an enquiry carried out in Silver Valley. The results of our study lead us to suggest a new term ‘geront’innovation’ to qualify the various forms of innovations developed to cater for the needs of elderly people. We also put forward the importance of networking and open innovation strategies. Finally, the identified barriers to emergence and diffusion as perceived by the supply side of the market lead us to suggest recommendations to support the diffusion of geront’innovations.     

安徽铜陵桦树坡铜矿床伴生金(银)赋存状态及分布规律

桦树坡铜矿床为一层控式矽卡岩型铜矿床,经光薄片鉴定及电子探针分析,该矿床主要矿物种类不多,而微量矿物种类较多,主要矿物有为黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿,自然元素为金—银系列矿物及自然铋等。对该铜矿进行了工艺矿物学研究,重点查明了伴生金银的赋存状态及工艺性质。为伴生金银回收确定合理选矿工艺流程及条件提供依据。     

国际黄金、白银价格变动的实证分析

通过对黄金和白银价格的线性比例分析和黄金与白银价格变动率的相关性分析,得出黄金与白银的价格之间具有线性相关性,且黄金价格和白银价格在变动趋势上具有一致性。分析国际黄金、白银价格变动的数理关系,不仅可以充实目前贵金属领域学术研究匮乏的基础,而且可以为白银产业链条企业的保值和套利提供决策参考。     

废定影液的综合利用

采用Na2S沉淀法回收废定影液中的银,通过高温灼烧、硝酸溶解、除杂等一系列步骤制备试剂级硝酸银.结果表明,银的回收率达99.92%,制备的硝酸银纯度为99.8%以上,达到分析纯级别.同时,进行了回收银后废定影液处理高浓度六价铬废液的研究,处理后废水中六价铬和三价铬都达到了国家规定的排放标准,实现了以废治废的目的.     

近代早期白银流入对中国经济的影响

在近代早期，随着美洲金银的发现和澳门对外贸易的发展，大量的白银流入中国，这些白银对16、17世纪的中国产生了多方面的积极影响，如商品经济进一步发展，赋税制度进一步变革，货币制度和国家政权更加稳定。到18世纪，白银的流入一定程度上推动了通货膨胀的产生。到19世纪时，中国对其他国家持续几个世纪的贸易顺差，使西欧国家极力寻找能卖给中国的商品，最终它们找到了鸦片，并通过鸦片战争等一系列战争和不平等条约改变了对中国的逆差，也逐渐把中国带入了屈辱的近现代。